Portugaliae
Electrochimica Acta

Gravimetric, electrochemical, surface investigation, RSM and theoretical computational studies, using DFT and MD, were employed to investigate Ecorr inhibition of MS surfaces in 0.5 M H2SO4, by a worm expelling drug (Wormin® MBZ). The results from computational and RSM optimization and experimental methodologies were all in good accord. After 24 h, IE(%) of 1.5 g/L MBZ on MS corrosion, calculated from WL data, was 96.610%. Maximum IE(%) of 1.0 g MBZ was 96.903% (303 K) and 99.998% (333 K). PDP confirmed MBZ mixed nature of adsorption. The impact of the inhibitor C and IT of MS on IE(%) of MBZ was revealed by statistical evaluation and optimization, using Design Expert software package (Stat-Ease). The optimized IE(%) of 96.6103% was obtained with the inhibitor C of 1.061 g/L, at MS 48.58 h IT. On the MS surface, MBZ behaved according to Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. MD showed that MBZ had an Einteraction of -536.33 and -694.53 kcal/mol, at 303 and 333 K, respectively. Negative Einteraction forecasts confirmed MBZ-MS surface interaction capability, which reinforced the experimental investigations IE(%) findings. Keywords: adsorption; C7H6N2 derivative; DFT; MBZ; MD optimization; RSM; PDP.

Abstract MS is extensively used in oil and gas industries, but its inherent susceptibility to corrosive attack in marine environments with high C of Cl- is a shortcoming to its applications in such inevitable medium. Coating has been a popular means of mitigating steel structures corrosion. This work assessed the effect of Zn-ZnO based AW-SS composite as AC material on a MS substrate in a marine environment. The Zn-ZnO base was separately subject to CD with SS, DLFA and LSLA particulates on MS substrates. PDP method was used to ascertain corrosion behaviors of the coated samples in a simulated SW environment. The samples  and microstructural properties were studied by a microhardness tester and SEM, respectively. The results indicated that the samples  increased when they were coated by SS and LSLA higher C, which had the highest and lowest , respectively. The coatings CP improved visibly with SS, which had the highest value (61.4%), followed by DLFA (53.8%) and LSLA (44.3%). AW incorporated into Zn-ZnO is a potential AC material. Keywords: AW; CI; coatings; ED; environment; MS.

Abstract Metals can contaminate the environment and increasingly affect ecological systems and public health worldwide. Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions play a significant part in increasing the cancer rate, since their amounts are higher in cancerous patients than in healthy individuals. Electrochemical methods have been extensively used for analyzing biological, beverages and food samples to estimate Cu(II) and Pb(II). The present study has employed LSASV for Cu(II) and Pb(II) determination in female patients (suffering from breast-cancer) cancerous blood serum samples. Optimized conditions for analysis have required: Gc, with an eacc of -0.2 V and a tacc of 400 s, as WE; 0.1 M AB (pH 5.1) as SE, at a stirring rate of 9 rpm and SR of 100 mV/s-1; Ag/AgCl as RE; and a Pt wire as CE. Under the optimized conditions, the cost-effective procedure was successfully applied for Cu(II) and Pb(II) determination in cancerous human serum. LOD was in the range of ppb. The analysis indicated higher Cu(II) and Pb(II) levels in cancerous female patients than in the healthy ones. Therefore, a strictly controlled diet is recommended. Keywords: biological sample; Cu(II); healthy and cancerous serums; LSASV; Pb(II); public health.

Abstract The effective inhibition of MS corrosion in H2SO4 by CP and CP + KI was assessed by EIS. SM of MS was studied using SEM and AFM. The rise in Rct and decrease in Cdl, with higher C of CP and CP + KI, confirmed MS CI. IE(%) increased with higher C of CP only and CP + KI (from 10-3 to 10-1 M). CP maximum IE(%) was 93.9%, at 10-1 M. CP + KI, due to I- ions synergistic effect, showed an IE(%) of about 98.8%, at 10-1 M. CP only and CP + KI adsorption mechanism followed Langmuir’s isotherm. SM studies suggested that a barrier film of CP only and CP + KI, mitigated MS surface corrosion. CP + KI is an efficient inhibitor in H2SO4. Keywords: AFM; corrosion; CP; EIS; IE(%); KI; MS; SM; SEM.

Abstract A potentiostat is a device that enables to measure I that flows through one of the electrodes, by imposing a E. It was invented in 1942, by Hickling. Potentiostats available on the market offer a wide variety of functions. Unfortunately, their prices are high, which is mainly due to a sophistication that is not necessary for experiments such as those practiced at the undergraduate level. Therefore, this paper proposes the fabrication of a multi-channel potentiostat that is inexpensive, interdisciplinary, and enables to plot, for several Ec cells, a certain number of curves describing the evolution of the measured electrical quantities. Specifically, it allows to measure Icorr and analyze the solution chemical reactivity. Keywords: Al corrosion; Ec; electronic materials; potentiostat.

Corrosion inhibition action of CGS, namely, PPAB, HPAB, DDPAB and HDPAB, on MS in 1 N HCl, has been investigated. The compounds were synthesized in laboratory, and their influence on MS corrosion inhibition was investigated by WL, PDP and EIS techniques. Ea and ΔGads values of all compounds were calculated, in order to investigate the corrosion inhibition mechanism. The studies revealed that all the compounds inhibited MS corrosion by blocking its active sites. The inhibitors adsorption onto the MS surface in HCl was found to obey the Langmuir’s isotherm. CGS IE(%) was found to vary with their nature and C, and the HCl T, IT and C. Maximum IE(%) was 99.7%, for HDPAB (250 ppm), which had the lowest CR, i.e. 0.15 mmy-1. Keywords: adsorption, CGS, HCl, MS and WL.

This study examined the use of LLE as an inhibitor for MS in a HCl medium, using the optimization approach. In order to determine the metabolites presence, phytochemical analyses were performed on the plant extract. Three variables factors were considered for the optimization: inhibitor C (0.2- 0.8 g/L); T (30-50 ºC); and time (2-6 h). Morphological structure was determined using SEM. Phytochemical analysis results showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids, which confirmed the extract as a good inhibitor. The optimal process conditions were T of 48.30 ºC, time of 2.49 h and C of 0.66 g/L, for obtaining the highest IE of 84.2 %. Meanwhile, the validated OPL gave an IE of 85.6 %. The results observed from SEM showed that a more protective film was formed on the MS surface, in the validated process level. LLE adsorption obeyed Langmuir’s isotherm, and the thermodynamic parameters were: ∆Gads (-17.05, -18.74 and -15.35 kJ/mol-1) and ΔH (41.73, -15.41 and -1.58 kJ/mol-1). ∆Gads negative values indicated LLE spontaneous adsorption, which was physisorption. It can be concluded that LLE would be recommendable as a low-cost inhibitor for MS corrosion in 1 M HCl. Keywords: corrosion; inhibition; LLE; SEM; optimization; phytochemical analyses; RSM.

AS inhibition effect on the corrosion behavior of AA in a 3.5% NaCl solution was herein studied using electrochemical, thermodynamic, surface analysis and DFT (B-3LYP, at 6-31G (d, p)) techniques. The obtained results showed that AS inhibited AA corrosion process. Maximum IE(%) of around 85% was reached with AS C of 1 g/L, and it was stable as T increased from 298 to 328 K. Furthermore, AS acted as a mixed-type inhibitor through electrostatic interaction (physical adsorption), which was more dominant than chemical adsorption, between the charged molecules and the AA surface. EIS measurements confirmed these results. SEM coupled with EDX showed that AS were preferentially adsorbed onto the AA surface. AFM results demonstrated that Ra values were reduced from 338 μm to 79 nm. X-RD offered suitable support to PDP and EIS studies. There was an excellent agreement between experimental and computed data. Pc effectiveness was investigated by DFT studies, having followed the order: GA > D-M. Keywords: 3.5% NaCl, AA, AFM, AS, DFT, EDX, EIS, corrosion, IE(%), PDP, SEM and X-RD.

Two quinoxalinone derivatives, namely 3- (p-tolyl)-3.4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-(1H)-one (Q1) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3.4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-(1H)-one (Q2), were used and investigated as potential corrosion inhibitors for OS in a 1 M HCl solution, at C from 10-6 to 10-3 M, using PDP, EIS measurements and GQCD calculations. EIS results indicate that Q1 and Q2 IE(%) increased with higher C and reached maximum values of 86.2 and 92.5%, at 10-3 M, respectively. The inhibitors adsorption mechanism onto the OS surface was found to obey the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm model. PDP data displayed that Q1 and Q2 acted as mixed inhibitors, predominantly of the cathodic type. The theoretical results showed that the obtained parameters were in good agreement with the experimental data. Q2 compound had better IE(%), due to the inductive effect of CH3 electro-donor group in dihydroquinoxaline position. Keywords: corrosion inhibition, GQCD calculations, HCl, OS, PDP/EIS and Quinoxalinone derivatives.

Abstract IE(%) of CORP (with AN of 7.8 and 3.5., and modified with Zn powder, MGr or MCNT) used as coatings against CS atmospheric corrosion has been investigated. The studies were carried out by gravimetry and PSP methods. CORP composition was: phosphatides, hydrated oil and SF. IE(%) effect of CO coatings with the investigated compositions on CS corrosion kinetic parameters was estimated in a 0.5 M NaCl solution. Zn powder (50 wt.%) addition to CORP increased their IE(%) up to 80-86%. In this case, the coatings IE(%), at an anodic E of -0.2 V, reached 93-99%. The addition of MGr or MCNT to CORP modified by Zn powder had mostly a negative effect on IE(%). Keywords: anticorrosive composition, low-EA CO, MGr powders and Zn.

This work examined MLE as Zn corrosion inhibitor in a NaOH medium. MLE was subjected to qualitative and quantitative Pc analyses. Thermometric and gravimetric techniques were employed in the corrosion inhibition study. In the thermometric method, reaction numbers for Zn dissolution in blank and inhibited NaOH media were used to determine MLE IE(%). The gravimetric method was carried out using one factor at a time and RSM. CCD of DES was employed in RSM. The analyses of the experimental results revealed that MLE was predominantly made up of flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins (471.7, 458.3 and 115.0 mg/100 g, respectively). Zn  by the extract increased with higher inhibitor C, but decreased with a rise in T. A quadratic model adequately described the relationship between IE(%), C, T and time factors. High IE(%) of 83.75% was obtained at an inhibitor C of 1.0 g/L, T of 303 K and IT of 5 h. Hence, MLE is a suitable inhibitor for Zn corrosion in a NaOH medium. Keywords: corrosion inhibitor, MLE, NaOH and Zn.

The present study has investigated electrolysis conditions, in which spatiotemporal structures onto the cathode surface could be observed for the first time, under strictly controlled settings, during Cu-Sb alloy ED. Self-organization phenomena, such as in depth self-assembled deposits structures, appeared when Sb content was higher than 70 wt% in the coatings. The layers and their structures different optical and morphologic areas were characterized. Keywords: Cu-Sb alloy; ED; multilayers; self-organization.

Inhibition of MS corrosion in a 3% NaCl solution, by glasses containing Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7, in different C, was investigated using AFM, EIS, FTIR spectroscopy, PPD, SEM and XRD techniques. PPD and IES gave IE(%) of 92.8, 99 and 98.3%, and 91.9, 98 and 98.3%, for Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7 glasses, respectively, at optimum C (0.4 g/L). In addition, EIS results indicated that IE(%)increased with higher C of Ti in the glasses, reaching its maximum at 7% TiO2. The three studied compounds acted as anodic inhibitors, though anodic reactions were more suppressed than the cathodic ones. SEM revealed that the inhibitors significantly stopped the attack by Cl- ions, through chemical adsorption onto the MS surface. Keywords: Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7 glasses; MS; 3% NaCl; AFM; EIS; FTIR; PPD; SEM; XRD.

U2 and U4 were successfully synthesized from C7H6N2 N-alkylation (general and useful route to quaternary ammonium salts NH4Cl from tertiary amines) with alkyl bromides. The products were further alkylated to the corresponding ILs: U5 and U7. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their compositions were established through elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were investigated as inhibitors for MS corrosion, using 1 M HCl as a model solution. WL experiments, surface analysis, quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation methods were used for evaluating the inhibitors anticorrosion properties. The results showed that ILs possessed remarkable inhibition properties under the studied conditions. U5 displayed the highest IE of 95.22%, at 200 ppm. ILs corrosion IE(%) was ascribed to their adsorption onto the MS surfaces, which followed the Langmuir’s isotherm. SEM revealed the formation of a barrier film by the inhibitors on the MS surface. Finally, the experimental results were corroborated by theoretical quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation studies. The studied inhibitor molecules interaction energies with the Fe surface followed the order U5 > U7 > U2 > U4, which is consistent with the experimental data. Keywords: corrosion inhibition, ILs, MD simulations, MS, N-alkylbenzimidazoles, quantum chemical calculations and SEM.

MS acceptability for nowadays structural construction is premised on its availability and low cost. However, due to MS poor corrosion resistance, most especially in acidic and alkaline environments, there have been increasing concerns about its use. The use of inhibitors, as proposed by different researchers, mitigates MS CR, thus reducing the economic losses experienced by all chief users of this alloy. In recent years, scientists have focused on green inhibitors obtained from plant, fruit and vegetable extracts, and essential oils. Besides being environmentally friendly, in terms of corrosion resistance, plant extracts are becoming increasingly important, due to their low cost and toxicity, and high availability. Additionally, they are rich in organic compounds with polar atoms, such as O, P, S and N, containing multiple bonds in their molecules, through which they can adsorb onto the metal surface, forming a protective film, by various adsorption isotherms. This paper provides a review on research works done so far on MS corrosion control by naturally occurring plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors, in both acidic and alkaline environments, where this alloy is mainly applied. Keywords: plant extracts; CR; inhibition; MS; adsorption isotherms; environments.

In this study, an alkaloid was extracted from LN leaves. The AE was firstly evaluated as AO, by using a DPPH solution, and comparing it with a BHT standard solution. The AE, at 200 mg/mL, showed high efficiency as AO (93%). Furthermore, it was studied as a CI for an Fe alloy in HCl, at 25 ºC, with different C (1 to 5 ppm). The AE depicted the highest IE(%) of 92.42%, at 5 ppm. T effect on IE(%), for optimal C (5 ppm), was studied at 35, 45 and 55 ºC. The results revealed that the IE(%) decreased with higher T. Additionally, kinetic parameters, such as Ea*, H* and S*, were calculated. Keywords: AE, LN, AO, corrosion inhibitors and DPPH.

MS effective corrosion inhibition by SVLE has been investigated using electrochemical methods. Tafel polarization measurements suggested that the reaction at the anode occurred with MS dissolution, due to the strong medium aggressiveness, but SVLE addition led to a corrosion IE(%) of 93.6%, at 298 K. SVLE IE(%) still was 86% at an elevated T of 328 K, which was also confirmed by SEM observations that revealed a protective adsorbed film formed by the inhibitor onto the MS surface. Keywords: SVLE, MS, corrosion, polarization curve and high T IE(%).

WO contain many elements that are toxic to the health and environment. WO discharge into the natural environment without any prior treatment can clog the filters in the water treatment stations, disrupting the biological purification processes. It is also forbidden to burn these fluids without pretreating them: their wild incineration releases dioxins and greenhouse gases. In WO recycling process, the final step is to pass it through a press filter containing BT oil treated at a ratio of 10:90. The pressed cake is then abandoned in nature, or transported to the landfill. This study focused on the reuse of BT mud cakes soiled with impurities from recycled WO. A PC study of the pulp properties, followed by a toxicological study, enabled to recommend the reuse of this slurry mud as a tight and very suitable soil covering. Thus, controlled landfills, sports fields and storage tanks for irrigation water can be coated with this compact clay, and prevent seepage into the water table. Our work is divided into two main parts: the first concerned the study of the specific characteristics of BT extracted from WO (permeability, specific surface, porosity, adhesion to the ground and durability); and the second carried out the bacteriological and eco-toxicological study of BT-WO residues, in order to prevent all negative impacts likely to reduce the quality of the soil, groundwater, human health and vegetation. Keywords: WO, surface area, permeability, porosity, waterproofing, eco-toxicity, BT and floor covering.

Issues regarding corrosion have become a substantial source of expenditure for oil and gas industries. Apart from that, oil spillages resulting from leakages in pipelines pose severe environmental challenges, such as pollution and fire outbreaks. A36 LCS is commonly used for fabricating oil and gas pipelines, due to its availability and cost. The aim of this study was to deposit Zn-MgO-xCn CC on A36 LCS substrates, to improve their CRS in acidic media, through the ED route. W corrosion determination technique was used for determining the developed coatings CR. The CC surface morphology and phase evolution were determined by OPM, SME and X-RD. The results showed that all the developed CC offered lower CR values than that of the A36 LCS substrate, which was 5.4392 mm/y. Sample D4 (20 g Zn and 20 g MgO-Cn) had the lowest CR value of 0.7199 mm/y, corresponding to a coating E of 86% on the substrate. Finally, among the developed coatings, sample E1 (Zn and 20 g MgO) gave the highest CR values of 2.1030 mm/y, with an E value of 61%. The study showed that the CC were able to form protective barriers on the substrate in the corrosive media. Keywords: CC, NP, substrates and corrosion.