Portugaliae
Electrochimica Acta

The increasing challenge of components used for the development of new materials, in order to improve their mechanical performance, can never be over-emphasized. The present research of a produced P-Al2O3 coating grafted into a Zn electrolyte was done through the thin-film alloy ED on MS, in a time range from 15 to 30 min, pH 5 and T of 95±5 ºC. P-Al2O3 morphological properties were characterized by TESCAN SEM and elemental quantification with EDS. The deposited alloy strengthening and dislocation performance were studied using diamond-based Vickers  test and a reciprocated wear slider, under a 5 N load. The pitting corrosion study was made using a PGStat101 auto lab potentiostat galvanostat, by LSV and OCP methods. The results show that P-Al2O3 is an active corrosion inhibitor and adsorption composite. The ED mass was obtained at a significant value of 0.1302 and 0.1567 g, at 25 and 30 min DT. At 30 min, wear loss and CR, along with the interfacial surfaces of this CC, were lower than those of other developed alloys, at 15 min, due to the progressive particulates loading effect. The average significant HVN trend was influenced by the particulates weight fraction precipitation. MS properties enhancement by P-Al2O3 indicated that the CC can be used for advanced industrial applications, especially in corrosive environments. Keywords: adsorption, components, corrosion, MS, P-Al2O3 and protection.

The widespread use of HMDE for multi-ionic analysis is mainly explained by the following factors: excellent reproducibility, due to the electrode surface ease of renewal, for preventing hysteresis; wide Ec; ability to forming amalgams with many redox-active metal ions; and (sub)nanomolar detection limits, which have unique capabilities for multi-metal determination. In this research, selectivity and sensitivity for Pb, Cd and Zn simultaneous determination, by DPAdSV, using HMDE as WE and CCA as a ligand, were tested. This method is based on the deposition of CCA-metals on Hg electrodes. The instrumental and chemical parameters that could improve measurements were obtained under optimal conditions, including: CCA concentration (0.05 mmol/L), pH (7), Edep (-0.3 V) tdep (60 s), AB concentration (0.5 mol/L), scan rate (150 mV/s), pulse height (80 mV), Hg drop size (4 mm2) and linearity (Ip vs concentration), which was in the range from 5 to 170, 5 to 140 and 5 to 190 M, for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively). The LOD (S/N = 3) values were 0.05, 0.03 and 0.05 µg/L for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively. The repeatability and intermediate precisions were tested as RSD of 0.44, 1.21 and 1.23% for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively. The recovery values were 98, 99 and 101% for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively. As result, the DPAdSV method with CCA ligands was successfully applied for heavy metals determination in the seawater of a former bauxite mining area. Keywords: bauxite, DPAdSV, HMDE, CCA, heavy metals and voltammetry.

SLE (Melastoma candidum D. Don) was tested as an inhibitor of St-37 S corrosion in a HCl solution, using WL, PDP and SEM analysis methods. CR has decreased with SLE addition, according to the WL method. The highest IE(%) was 67%, with 0.8% SLE addition. Rise in T had a decreasing effect on IE(%). PDP showed that the extract was a mixed inhibitor. SEM analysis showed changes in the St-37 S surface immersed in HCl, without and with the inhibitor. SLE adsorption onto the steel surface obeyed Langmuir’s isotherm. Keywords: corrosion IE(%), Langmuir’s isotherm, PDP, SEM, SLE, St-37 S and WL.

Medical forensics and homeland security have been focusing on the food and beverage industries, for water quality remote sensing, drug residue determination in food, etc. NT is playing a growing role in BS development. NT-based BS, also known as NBS technology, are reshaping the medical field. They are used in metabolite measurement, diabetes monitoring, and other applications, such as environmental protection. Pesticide and heavy metal ions detection in river water, as well as genomes sequencing the use of NM in BS design have increased their sensitivity and ability to also develop NP special properties, such as high electrical conductivity, improved shock resistance, sensitive response and flexibility. These advances result from the confluence of NP characteristics, allowing for the presentation of numerous modern flag transduction innovations in BS, such as the development of devices, and forms for manufacturing them and enhancing their measurement capability. Imaging the nanoscale objects has improved sensors connected with tiny atoms. Many mechanical devices, optical resonators and bi-functional architecture based on NBS have been developed. BS have also been discussed in this research, in order to highlight their critical applications in a variety of fields. This study discusses the various types of BS that depend on multiple types of NM, as well as their biological and implicational factors and analytical techniques, such as amperometric, CV potentiometric optical techniques, and other measurements methods that use enzyme and non-enzymatic BS. Keywords: NT application, NBS, BS analytical techniques, enzyme BS and nanoenzymatic sensors.

Two novel synthesized compounds (FD and ACP) have been applied as inhibitors for MS corrosion in HCl and H2SO4 solutions. Gravimetric, PDP, EIS, SEM and theoretical approaches were employed for the investigation of FD and ACP synthesized compounds IE%. Their corrosion IE% and calculated quantum chemical properties were comparable to each other, and indicated that ACP is a slightly less effective inhibitor than FD in HCl and H2SO4 solutions. Langmuir’s, Temkin’s, Frumkin’s and Freundlich’s adsorption isotherms were used for describing the inhibitors adsorption behavior. The adsorption was spontaneous and followed a mixed mechanism, but with initial physisorption. Polarization data revealed that the inhibitors were more cathodic, because they tended to enforce MS HER retardation. The inhibitors decreased the electrolyte impedance, while Rct increased. The adsorption mechanism was influenced by the protonation and solvation environment, and it was concentrated within the heteroatoms and the aromatic systems. Calculated quantum parameters agreed effectively with the obtained experimental results, while FF indices were useful for predicting the nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks positions. Keywords: ACP, adsorption isotherm, corrosion, EIS, FD, IE (%), MS and PDP.

In this research, TiO2 NP were prepared by MW-R and conventional SG methods, using TTIP as Ti precursor, in the presence of different mixtures of distilled H2O and ETG (0 < H2O/ETG < 100%), as a solvent. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, Raman, FTIR, EDX/ SEM, N2 physisorption, DLS and UV/visible DRS techniques. XRD and Raman analyses showed that Ant phase dominated, with traces of Rt or Brk phases, in some samples. According to K-M curves, TiO2 calculated EG decreased with an increase in Rt phase percentage. PC performance of the prepared samples was tested on E131 VF. Kinetic evaluations showed that Rt percentage and surface area had a significant role in TiO2 NP PC performance. E131 VF degradation high RC were obtained in an AU by 0% ETG SG (0.130 (AU)) and 0% ETG MW-R (0.113 (AU)), due to the high surface area and Rt absence. The samples (x% ETG) synthesized by the MW-R method showed low pore volume and PC performance that might have been be due to a blockage of the pores and screening effect of some combustion products or residual ETG, which carried UV irradiation to the catalyst surface. Keywords: MW-R, SG, TiO2, ETG and PC degradation.

[dimOHmIm]+,I- and [dimOHmBim]+,I- were investigated as a corrosion inhibitors for MS in 0.5 M H2SO4 using gravimetric, PDP and EIS techniques. Polarization curves revealed that both compounds acted as mixed-type inhibitors, and that corrosion IE% increased with their higher concentrations. The adsorption of both inhibitors onto the MS surface obeyed Langmuir’s isotherm. The compound II showed a higher corrosion IE% than that of I. The quantum chemical calculations were applied to investigate the relationship between the two azolium salts derivatives electronic properties and their corrosion IE%. Keywords: imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts, MS, polarization, EIS, WL and corrosion inhibition.

Scraped or end-of-life WC-Co bonded makes it an attractive resource. The conventional technologies to recover these metals entail energy-intensive pre-treatment steps, followed by their dissolution in a high volume of concentrated acids/alkali reagents. Recently, much attention has been given to the development of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly routes based on WC-Co direct electrochemical dissolution as anodes. However, the metals have a retarded dissolution, in NaOH alkali media, due to the formation of passive oxide layers, in the acidic electrolytes, and of hydroxides, on the anodic surface. The present study investigated WC and Co dissolution fundamentals in aqueous NH3, in order to develop a greener process, by the suitable addition of (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl Preliminary PDP studies revealed the necessary concentration of NH3 and additives, and their effect on the metals passivation tendency, for obtaining the best anodic dissolution parameters. The electrodissolution experiments in a specially designed cell achieved the maximum values, by adjusting those parameters. The highest dissolution of W and Co occurred under optimum conditions (10 V, 150 g/L NH3 and 15% w/v NH4Cl). Co was deposited at the cathode, while H8N2O4W remained in the electrolyte and was recovered as H2WO4 or YTO. Topographical analysis of the polarized surface by AFM has confirmed the pitting corrosion mechanism responsible for W and Co dissolution. A process flow chart for the newly developed single-step direct recycling methods of WC scraps has also been proposed. This process has produced pure saleable WO3 powder and Co. Keywords: WC-Co scrap, recycling, NH3 electrolyte, PDP, electrodissolution, WO3 and Co.

In this research, ZL leaves extract was used as a new friendly inhibitor for improving CS corrosion resistance in a 1.0 M HCl solution. The extract performance was evaluated by PDP and EIS techniques. The outcomes of this investigation showed that corrosion IE% of ZL leaves C2H5OH extract raised from 86 to 95%, with concentrations from 1 to 3 g/L. EIS method confirmed that the extract IE% was stable in the long-term. However, when the test temperature increased from 293 K to 323 K, IE% decreased from 95 to 90%. PDP experiments results revealed that ZL leaves extract operated as a mixed-type inhibitor, with anodic predominance. Keywords: ZL leaves extract, corrosion, electrochemical techniques, immersion time and carbon steel.

The inhibitive effect of a seaweed (SM) alcoholic extract on MS corrosion immersed in 1 M HCl, for 30 min, was evaluated by the WL method and PPD technique. The protective film was investigated by the Vickers hardness test. WL revealed that 500 ppm SM offered 84 % IE against MS corrosion in 1 M HCl. The inhibitor molecules adsorption onto the metal surface obeyed Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. The R2 value was very high (0.998). The PPD study showed that Ecorr slightly shifted to the anodic side. It was inferred that SM functions as a mixed type of corrosion inhibitor, since the shifts were relatively small. In SM presence, LPR value increased and Icorr decreased. Due to the blanket effect (formation of a protective film on the metallic surface, which was found to be a monolayer, blocking anodic and cathodic sites), the electrons transfer from the metal into the solution was blocked. Vickers hardness of the inhibited MS surface was lower than that of the polished one, but higher than that of the corroded one. The outcome of the study may be used in the pickling industry, where HCl is used to remove the rust from the metal surface, simultaneously not attacking it. Keywords: corrosion inhibition, green inhibition, acidic medium, SM, Vickers hardness, isotherms and electrochemical studies.

In this study, Zs-c leaves were extracted by a 70% CH3OH solvent. The extract was investigated as green corrosion inhibitor for CS C1010 alloy in 0.1 M HCl. The study was done with different inhibitor concentrations (1, 2, 8 and 9 ppm). The extract showed the highest IE of 96.06%, at 9 ppm. The inhibitor adsorption on the CS alloy surface was found to obey the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm model. Kads, ΔHads, ΔSads and ΔGads were also calculated. The temperature effect on Zs-c leaves extract IE%, with the optimal concentration of 9 ppm, was studied at 35,45 and 55 ºC. The results showed that IE% decreased with raising solution temperatures. In addition, E_a^*, ΔH, ΔS and ΔG kinetic parameters were calculated. On the other hand, phytochemical tests and quantitative analysis, such as TPC and TFC, were also carried out. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity or growth inhibition of bacterial strains, such as Ec and Sa, were studied. Anti-fungal activity or growth inhibition studies of Ca and An species were also carried out, at a 100 mg/mL concentration. Anti-oxidant activity was also investigated by DPPH, at concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL, and good results were obtained. Keywords: Zs-c leaves, corrosion inhibitors, phytochemicals, DPPH, Ec, Sa, Ca and An.

DBS corrosion resistance effect on MS immersed in a 0.25 mol/L sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution has been evaluated at room temperature, using WL method, from which CR and IE(%) were obtained. The corrosion IE% increased with higher inhibitor concentrations. The CR decreased with higher DBS concentrations, since it blocked the MS active site, forming a protective film on its surface, which was confirmed by electrochemical studies and surface analysis techniques, such as FTIR and SEM. EDAX was used to analyze the elements present on the MS surface, after its immersion in 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, without and with DBD. The MS surface smoothness and roughness (polished and corroded) and the inhibitor have been evaluated by SEM and AFM. Keywords: AFM, corrosion, DBS inhibitor, H2SO4, MS, SEM and WL.

In continuation of our previously published work entitled Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Inconel 718 Nickel-Based Super Alloy Doped with Graphene Nanoplatelets, the present study investigated the tribological performance of modified IN 718 doped with GrNs. Friction and wear properties were analised using an advance universal tribometer, while surface mophologies were studied by SEM. The modified SA tribological properties validation was done in relative comparison to those of pure IN 718. Mechanical properties with higher , younger modulus values, better morphologies, higher AWI, lower SWR and µ values were noted on the modified IN 718. Nonetheless, an increase in the load proved to affect the tribological oxide layer properties of both pure and modified IN 718. Keywords: pure and modified IN 718, GrNs, frictional wear, tribology and SEM.

DESs, as new-generation room temperature ILs, are very promising to perform anodic processing of different metals and alloys. We report Ni-Cu alloy (45 wt.% Ni) anodic treatment in a DES, ethaline, for the first time. It is shown that the anodic dissolution originated the formation of sparingly soluble Ni and Cu chloride salts in the near-electrode layer. Ni-Cu alloy anodic treatment in ethaline resulted in changed patterns of the metallic surface morphology. Depending on the applied electrode E, star like crystallites, with sharply pointed shapes and thorns, may appear on the anodically etched surface, and surface morphology smoothing was observed, in some cases. The Ni-Cu alloy anodic processing in ethaline, which dramatically changed its surface morphology, contributed to a considerable increase in the electrocatalytic activity towards HER in an alkaline medium. Considering favorable environmental aspects of DES use and marked improvement in electrocatalytic properties, this treatment can be further used to develop high-efficient, eco-friendly and relatively inexpensive electrocatalysts methods for water electrolysis within H2 energy concept. Keywords: Ni-Cu alloy, anodic processing, ethaline, hydrogen production electrocatalysis.

Welding has been an incredibly important process used to join metals in several industrial applications, such as manufacturing, construction, automotive and aerospace sectors. It has been reported that welded joints sometimes exhibit poor corrosion resistance, due to the changes in the weld surface or HAZ chemical composition, residual stress and metallurgical structure. Therefore, there is a need to enhance welds corrosion resistance and microstructure properties through PWHT. In this study, PWHTs effect on the corrosion and microstructure properties of two MSs, SAE 1015 and 1010, which were fused by electric metal arc welding, was examined. The MS samples, with different chemical compositions, were cut to the desired dimensions, separately welded and, thereafter, subjected to PWHT, at 650, 750, 850 and 950 ºC, for 1 h. The corrosion and microstructure properties of the PWHT MS samples immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl were then investigated, using PDP and SEM, respectively. For the PWHT SAE 1015 and 1010 MS samples, the lowest CR values were 34.240 and 35.793 mm/year, at 650 ºC, while the highest were 90.16 and 60.10 mm/year, at 950 ºC, respectively. For the AW SAE 1015 and 1010 MS samples, the CR values were 107.54 and 118.09 mm/year, respectively. The SEM images revealed smaller grain sizes and boundaries and less porosity for PWHT MS samples at 650 ºC than for those at 950 ºC. Therefore, the first ones are recommended for advanced industrial applications. Keywords: AW MS, corrosion, microstructure, MS SAE 1015 and 1010, PWHT and welding.

Due to its highest gravimetric energy density, H2 has been regarded as the preferred clean-energy carrier, with potentially environmentally-friendly production through the solar-assisted WS. Since human activities generate enormous amounts of WW, H2 production from this new resource has gained attention as an emergent technology. This paper addresses the most relevant and current aspects of H2 production from WWEL, and electricity generation from RES. In this sense, the state of art of H2 production, especially from WS, is presented here, as well as the main approaches to electricity generation from RES, with the greatest potential for viability. A new approach on this matter, which is part of the work that is being developed by the authors of this study, was also herein presented. Keywords: WW, water, electrolysis, H2 and RES.

Abstract Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is the major problem from olive oil extraction, due to its polluting organic and mineral matter and acid pH. This study aims to electrochemically treat OMW in an Al electrode reactor, to oxidize the organic matter, discolor the margins and neutralize the pH, thus reducing the pollutants. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for the treatment of different types of effluents. In this study, the potential of activated carbon (C) derived from olive stones (OS) was studied for OMW removal. H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) treated OS (AOS), as a low-cost, natural and eco-friendly biosorbent, was investigated for OMW removal from aqueous solutions. This work found that the increase in electrolysis time and current intensity significantly improved the treatment, while energy consumption and electrodes were observed. The results showed thirty-fold diluted margins for effluents with an acid pH of 5.02 and a conductivity of 14.89. The physicochemical parameters evolution during the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment showed that, under the conditions of an electrolysis time of 3 h and a current intensity of 3 A (= 416 A/m-2), the margins discoloration diluted ten times (91%), the mass loss of the electrodes was 0.55 kg.m-3 and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was 50%. These optimal operational levels allowed a good degradation of the margins. Biosorption kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s isotherms equations. The best fit was obtained by the Langmuir’s model, with maximum OWM monolayer biosorption capacity of 189.83 mg/g. The biosorption was exothermic in nature (entalphy change: H° = -13.11 kJ/mol). The reaction was accompanied by a decrease in entropy (S° = -72.91 kJ/mol). The Gibbs energy (G°) was higher when the temperature was increased from 303 to 318 K, indicating a decrease in the biosorption feasibility at higher temperatures. The results have established good potentiality for EC and ALS to be used for OMW removal. Keywords: OWM, phenol, OS, H3PO4, adsorption, EC, eco-friendly biosorbent, kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics.

Abstract The Western Central Valley (WCV) of Costa Rica is an area of interest, due to its high concentration of population and economic activity, presenting itself as a tropical monsoon-type atmospheric basin (AB), with well-defined climatic seasons (dry and rainy). The present study proposes the assessment of low carbon steel (CS) atmospheric corrosion, based on ISO 9223 (2012) and associated standards. A general analysis of the atmospheric basin effect was initially performed on these data, followed by the basic modeling of air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The WCV is an area of low contamination, which corresponds to a C2 or C3 category, according to ISO 9223. It mainly shows significant climatic seasons (dry and rainy) effects on the initial corrosion rates, but obtaining similar annual corrosion results for them. The ISO 9223 annual atmospheric corrosion model overestimated the actual obtained corrosion values, whereas linear or logarithmic models gave better results, especially when time and/or time of wetness (TOW) were considered as variables. Keywords: low CS, mathematical modeling, monsoonal climate, air pollutants, rain, TOW, ISO 9223 and ISO 9225.

Abstract The quality of the Souss-Massa Daraa (S-MD) aquifer is influenced by natural and anthropogenic contaminations. Indeed, geological formations are the main sources of mineralization in the aquifer, which compromises the potential irrigation, and threatens the sustainability of agricultural activities. In this context, hydrochemical and statistical studies were carried out on the major and secondary elements of water, based on different physico-chemical parameters, such as T °C, pH, EC (electric conductivity), NO3- (nitrate), Cl- (chloride), HCO3- (bicarbonate), SO42- (sulfate), Ca2+ (calcium ions), Mg2+ (magnesium ions), K+ (potassium ion), Na+ (sodium), Na%, Mg% and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio). The sampling was carried out in 2018, over two seasons (winter and summer), by analyzing 26 wells distributed over the studied plain. According to the water classification based on EC, it was found that 80% of the samples show very high mineralization, and 96.66% are very hard and unfit for human consumption. Also, Cl- values of most of the samples were within limits inappropriate for irrigation, but some estimated parameters, such as Na% and SAR, were within appropriate levels. In addition, according to the piper diagram, the waters are characterized by a geochemical facies of 86.66% NaCl (sodium chloride), 13.33% CaSO4 (sulphated calcium) and Mg. Thus, the principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the region waters mineralization is of natural origin. Keywords: Souss-Massa Daraa aquifer, hydrogeochemical and statistical studies, Piper and Wilcox’s diagrams, water quality, facies, and agricultural activities.

Abstract Silver (Ag) is considered as an ancient and durable precious metal that is used in different ways, due to its specific properties. The diversity of its uses has been meeting a growing worldwide demand that exceeds the Ag amount extracted from earth crust (primary resource), where a large part of this metal has been exploited. Due to its toxicity, environmental pollution resulting from industrial plants, and high economic value, Ag recovery from industrial plants (second resource) has become increasingly important for scientists. In this study, we focused on Ag recovery from the effluents of mirror industry. This was done by Ag electrodeposition on an aluminum (Al) electrode surface. This work aimed to study the effect of current intensity (CI), electrolysis time (ET), voltage (V) and temperature (T) parameters on Ag electrodeposition, in order to optimize them. According to the obtained results, the optimal parameters were a CI of 4 A, during an ET of 30 min, at 12.5 V, with a maximum T of 30 ºC. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses showed a multilayer rich Ag deposit on the Al surface, followed by a cluster of flowers of different sizes originated from reduced Ag0. Keywords: silver, environmental pollution, Ag recovery, electrolysis and electrodeposition.